Owners
Operational definitions of behaviors displayed to survey participants in the intervention section.
| Behavior | Definition |
| Dilated pupils | The pupils are larger than they typically are. This also make the irises appear smaller than normal. |
| Ears flattened | Puppy’s ears are pulled back against the side or back of their head |
| Whale eye | Whites of the puppy’s eyes are shown, their eyes may appear bigger than normal. |
| Lip licking | The puppy quickly sticks their tongue out of their mouth and licks their lips. They may do this several times in a row, or just once. It might be a small portion of the tongue or the entire tongue. Lip licks can be fast and take some practice to learn to recognize. |
| Yawning | Puppy opens their mouth widely and inhales without showing teeth. Their tongue may curl and protrude, eyes are usually closed, and ears may move backwards. |
| Lifted front paw | Puppy picks up one of their front paws, leans back, and stands on three paws. |
| Avoidance | Puppy turns their body to the side or the back, holds their head or body away from it, or may turn their head or eyes to the side. Sometimes this behavior can be subtle and harder to see. |
| Hiding | Puppy puts themselves behind or under an object in the area, such as a person’s legs or a piece of furniture. |
| Low or tucked tail | The tip of the puppy’s tail is held below their spine. It can be straight down or curled under their body. Often, their back end also shrinks in tandem. |
| Panting | Quick, shallow breaths through an open mouth while the puppy’s tongue is hanging out. Typically, panting can be heard, the way that heavy breathing in a person is audible. |
| Immobile or freezing in place | Puppy stops all movement. They can be either standing, sitting, or lying still. They may be oriented towards or away from the stimulus. |
Intervention Pictures
| Original | Annotated |
Intervention Videos
Avoidance
Dilated Pupils
Ears Flattened
Hiding
Immobile of Freezing in Place
Lifted front Paw
Lip Licking
Low Tail
Panting
Whale Eye
Yawning
Pre- & Post-Assessment Videos
Video 1
Video 5
Video 12
Experts
Operationalized definitions of behaviors displayed to survey participants in the intervention section.
| Behavior | Definition |
| Dilated pupils | The pupils are larger than they typically are. This also make the irises appear smaller than normal. |
| Ears flattened | Puppy’s ears are pulled back against the side or back of their head |
| Whale eye | Whites of the puppy’s eyes are shown, their eyes may appear bigger than normal. |
| Lip licking | The puppy quickly sticks their tongue out of their mouth and licks their lips. They may do this several times in a row, or just once. It might be a small portion of the tongue or the entire tongue. Lip licks can be fast and take some practice to learn to recognize. |
| Yawning | Puppy opens their mouth widely and inhales without showing teeth. Their tongue may curl and protrude, eyes are usually closed, and ears may move backwards. |
| Lifted front paw | Puppy picks up one of their front paws, leans back, and stands on three paws. |
| Avoidance | Puppy turns their body to the side or the back, holds their head or body away from it, or may turn their head or eyes to the side. Sometimes this behavior can be subtle and harder to see. |
| Hiding | Puppy puts themselves behind or under an object in the area, such as a person’s legs or a piece of furniture. |
| Low or tucked tail | The tip of the puppy’s tail is held below their spine. It can be straight down or curled under their body. Often, their back end also shrinks in tandem. |
| Panting | Quick, shallow breaths through an open mouth while the puppy’s tongue is hanging out. Typically, panting can be heard, the way that heavy breathing in a person is audible. |
| Immobile or freezing in place | Puppy stops all movement. They can be either standing, sitting, or lying still. They may be oriented towards or away from the stimulus. |
Videos displayed to experts
Dog Multimedia Demographics – Owner
Dogs Represented in Intervention Pictures
| Behavior | Breed | Own Status | Sex |
| Avoidance | Pomsky | Owned | M |
| Dilated Pupils | French Bulldog | Owned | M |
| Ears Flattened | Golden Retriever | Owned | M |
| Hiding | Mixed | Owned | M |
| Immobile or freezing in place | Bernedoodle | Owned | M |
| Lifted front paw | Mixed | Unowned | F |
| Lip licking | Mixed | Owned | M |
| Low Tail | Corgi | Owned | F |
| Panting | GSD | Owned | F |
| Whale eye | Mix | Unowned | F |
| Yawning | Mix | Unowned | F |
Dogs Represented in Intervention Videos
| Behavior | Breed | Own Status | Sex |
| Avoidance | GDS | Owned | F |
| Dilated Pupils | Mix | Owned | F |
| Ears Flattened | Mix | Unowned | F |
| Hiding | Dachshund | Owned | M |
| Immobile or freezing in place | Boxer | Owned | F |
| Lifted front paw | Corgi | Owned | F |
| Lip licking | GSD | Owned | F |
| Low Tail | Corgi | Owned | F |
| Panting | GSD | Owned | F |
| Whale eye | Mix | Unowned | F |
| Yawning | Mix | Unowned | F |
Pre- & Post-Assessment Videos
| Video | Breed | Own Status | Age | Acquisition | Sex |
| 1 | Mix | Unowned | 4 Months | N/A | M |
| 5 | Mix | Owned | 3 months | Rescue Group | M |
| 12 | Boxer | Owned | 4 months | Breeder | F |
Indicates the behavior that experts agreed upon at 80% or higher inter-observer reliability. P stands for present, meaning they agreed they DID see the dog perform the behavior, and A stands for absent, meaning they agreed they DID NOT see the dog perform the behavior.
| Coding Agreement | P/A |
| Avoidance | P |
| Freezing | A |
| Lifted front paw | A |
| Lip licking | P |
| Panting | A |
| Whale eye | A |
| Yawning | A |
Video 5 Final Behaviors
Indicates the behavior that experts agreed upon at 80% or higher inter-observer reliability. P stands for present, meaning they agreed they DID see the dog perform the behavior, and A stands for absent, meaning they agreed they DID NOT see the dog perform the behavior.
| Coding Agreement | P/A |
| Ears flattened | P |
| Hiding | A |
| Freezing | A |
| Lifted front paw | A |
| Lip licking | P |
| Low or tucked tail | A |
| Panting | A |
| Whale eye | P |
| Yawning | A |
Video 12 Final Behaviors
Indicates the behavior that experts agreed upon at 80% or higher inter-observer reliability. P stands for present, meaning they agreed they DID see the dog perform the behavior, and A stands for absent, meaning they agreed they DID NOT see the dog perform the behavior.
| Coding Agreement | P/A |
| Ears flattened | P |
| Hiding | A |
| Freezing | A |
| Lifted front paw | A |
| Lip licking | A |
| Panting | P |
| Yawning | A |
Dog Multimedia Demographics – Expert
| Video | Dog | Breed | Own Status | Age | Acquisition | Sex |
| 1 | Peaches | Mix | Unowned | 4 Months | N/A | M |
| 21 | Juniper | Mix | Owned | 5 months | Rescue Group | F |
| 31 | Argus | Cardigan Corgi | Owned | 4 months | Breeder | F |
| 4 | Kongo | Mix | Unowned | 5 months | N/A | M |
| 5 | Axel | Mix | Owned | 3 months | Rescue Group | M |
| 6 | Duke | GSP | Owned | 5 months | Breeder | M |
| 7 | Remi | Mix | Owned | 3 months | Rescue Group | F |
| 8 | Ainsley | Cavapoo | Owned | 5 months | Breeder | F |
| 9 | Koa | Dachshund | Owned | 5 months | Breeder | M |
| 10 | Picasso | Mix | Unowned | 5 months | N/A | M |
| 11 | Rani | GSD | Owned | 3 months | Breeder | F |
| 12 | Harley | Boxer | Owned | 4 months | Breeder | F |
